World running out of snakebite antidote

The treatment is called Fav-Afrique. It's the only anti-venom approved to neutralize the bites of 10 deadly African snakes, like spitting cobras, carpet vipers and black mambas. Fav-Afrique has been produced by just one company, Sanofi Pasteur in France. The company stopped production last year because it was priced out of the anti-venom market. Across the world, about 100,000 people die of snakebites each year, Doctors Without Borders says. Even more have limbs amputated or disfigured because of bites. To put that into perspective, Ebola has killed about 11,000 people in West Africa.

Source: Dr Gabriel Alcoba, 2015,The snakebite medical adviser for Doctors.

Plastic decomposing bacteria isolated

Tests revealed that plastic carry bags, blood bags and plastic granules were completely degraded by the bacteria. The six strains namely, Cronobacter muytjensii mbg5, Cronobacter muytjensii mbg6, C. sakazakii mbg1, C. sakazakii mbg3, Enterobacter clocae mbg2 and Ohrobactrum intermedium mgb4 have capable of breaking down plastics into biodegradable polymers. These bacterias were also found to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), a class of biodegradable polymers that could substitute synthetic plastics. In the presence high carbon sources or nutritions like nitrogen, phosporous, sulphur, oxygen and magnesium PHAs are synthesized by the bacteria as intracellular carbon and accumulate as granules in the cytoplasm, the jellylike material lining inside of a cell.  Biochemical tests and molecular analysis were used to identify the bacteria and confirm the production of PHA. With properties similar to polyethylene, polypropylene, PHAs emerged as an environmental friendly alternative to petrochemical based plastic. 

Source: R. B. Smitha, Scientist, MBGIPS, Kozhikode.

Engineering Microbiomes to Improve Plant

Arabidopsis. (stock image) Credit: © Vasiliy Koval / Fotolia

Humans have been breeding crops until they're bigger and more nutritious since the early days of agriculture, but genetic manipulation isn't the only way to give plants a boost. A new study reported that the plant soil microbiome to improve plant growth, even if the plants are genetically identical and cannot evolve. These artificially selected microbiomes, which can also be selected in animals, can then be passed on from parents to offspring. Riverside, have seen microbiome engineering to be successful withArabidopsis (a close relative of cabbage and broccoli). In the Arabidopsisexperiments, bacteria from the roots of the largest plants were harvested with a filter and given to other plants growing from seed. Over time, the plants, which were genetically identical and therefore could not evolve by themselves, grew better because of their evolved and improved microbiomes.

Microbiome experiments can be tricky and affect reproducibility because of the complexity of propagating entire microbial communities between plants or between animals. The reason grasses and honeybees are attractive pilot organisms is because their microbiomes can be manipulated to be heritable. By testing this in organisms with stable genetics, it is easier to see the effects of adding specific bacterial communities.

Selecting artificial microbiomes may be a cheaper way to help curb plant and animal diseases rather than pesticides and antibiotics or creating genetically modified organisms. The methods to generate host-mediated artificial selection on root microbiomes are super simple (all you need is a syringe and a filter), and any farmer in any location could potentially do this to engineer microbiomes that are specific to the problems of the specific location where the farmer attempts to grow food.

Ref: Mueller and Sachs, Engineering Microbiomes to Improve Plant and Animal Health, Trends in Microbiology, 2015.